Ralph Waldo Emerson was a New England writer and he led a group that practiced transcendentalism. Transcendentalism stressed the idea of optimism, freedom and self-reliance.
Henry David Thoreau was a friend of Emerson. He practiced self-reliance and advised people to listen to their inner voices. He promted people to to not obey laws that was thought to be unjust. This led to the civil disobediance.
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